The Creation of Imaginary Companions: A Literature Review

Authors

  • Natália Benincasa Velludo Universidade Federal de São Carlos
  • Débora de Hollanda Souza Universidade Federal de São Carlos

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2015.1.16406

Keywords:

Imaginary companion, Pretend play, Children.

Abstract

Pretend play is an important milestone in child development. Among the many forms that symbolic play can take, one stands out for its singularity: the creation of imaginary companions. The phenomenon has been associated with various positive aspects of development, however, there are very few Brazilian studies investigating this topic. The present research aims to contribute to this study field by presenting a systematic literature review on imaginary companions. The literature review was based on the analysis of indexed books and articles found in SciELO-Brasil, Index Psi, PePSIC, LILACS and PsycINFO databases, published between 1934 and 2013. In total, 46 national and foreign papers, published between 1934 and 2013, were found. The literature suggests that the creation of imaginary companions is associated with important gains, for example, in creativity, sociability and social cognition. Therefore, future directions for this line of research in the country are suggested.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Natália Benincasa Velludo, Universidade Federal de São Carlos

Psicóloga formada pela Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Mestranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia (PPGPsi/ UFSCar) e membro do Laboratório de Interação Social (LIS/UFSCar).

Débora de Hollanda Souza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos

Ph.D. em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento pela University of Texas at Austin. Professora Adjunta do Departamento de Psicologia da UFSCar, Professora orientadora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia (PPGPsi/UFSCar) e membro do Laboratório de Interação Social (LIS/UFSCar).

References

Alves, A. C. S., Dias, M. G. B. B., & Sobral, A. B. C. (2007). A relação entre a brincadeira de faz-de-conta e o desenvolvimento de habilidades na aquisição de uma teoria da mente. Psicologia em estudo, 12(2), 325-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-73722007000200013

* Bittencourt, C. M., & Blanco, D. C. (1996). O amigo imaginário na percepção das mães. Psico, 27(2), 139-151.

* Bouldin, P. (2006). An investigation of the fantasy predisposition and fantasy style of children with imaginary companions. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 167(1), 17-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.167.1.17-29

* Bouldin, P., Bavin, E. L., & Pratt, C. (2002). An investigation of the verbal abilities of children with imaginary companions. First Language, 22, 249-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014272370202206602

* Bouldin, P., & Pratt, C. (1999). Characteristics of preschool and school-age children with imaginary companions. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160(4), 397-410. doi: 10.1080/00221329909595553

* Bouldin, P., & Pratt, C. (2002). A systematic assessment of the specific fears, anxiety level, and temperament of children with imaginary companions. Australian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 79-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049530210001706533

* Brinthaupt, T. M., & Dove, C. T. (2012). Differences in self-talk frequency as function of age, only-child, and imaginary childhood companion status. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 326-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.03.003

Bukowski, W., Newcomb, A. & Hartup, W. (1996). The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

* Carlson, S. M, Tahiroglu, D., & Taylor, M. (2008). Links between dissociation and role play in a nonclinical sample of preschool children. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 9(2), 149-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15299730802045799

* Carlson, S. M., & Taylor, M. (2005). Imaginary companions and impersonated characters: Sex differences in children’s fantasy play. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 51, 93-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2005.0003

Daudt, P. R., Souza, L. K., & Sperb, T. M. (2012). Amizade na criança pequena: padrões de interação e diferenças de gênero. In L. K. Souza & C. S. Hutz (Eds.), Amizade em contexto: Desenvolvimento e cultura. (pp. 81-100). São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.

* Davis, P. E., Meins, E., & Fernyhough, C. (2011). Self-knowledge in childhood: Relations with children’s imaginary companions and understanding of mind. British Journal of Developmental, 29(3), 680-686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02038.x

* Davis, P. E., Meins, E., & Fernyhough, C. (2013). Individual differences in children’s private speech: The role of imaginary companions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116, 561-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.06.010

Dias, M. G. (1992). A brincadeira de faz-de-conta como capacidade para diferenciar entre o real e o imaginário. Psicologia: Teoria & Pesquisa, 8(3), 363-371.

* Fernyhough, C., Bland, K., Meins, E., & Coltheart, M. (2007). Imaginary companions and young children’s responses to ambiguous auditory stimuli: Implications for atypical development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(11), 1094-1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01789.x

* Gleason, T. R. (2002). Social provisions of real and imaginary relationships in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 38(6), 979-992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.6.979

* Gleason, T. R. & Hohmann, L. M. (2006). Concepts of real and imaginary friendships in early childhood. Social Development, 15(1), 128-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00333.x

* Gleason, T. R., Jarudi, R. N., & Cheek, J. M. (2003). Imagination, personality, and imaginary companions. Social Behavior and Personality, 31(7), 721-738. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.7.721

* Gleason, T. R., Sebanc, A., & Hartup, W. (2000). Imaginary companions of preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 36, 419-428. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.36.4.419

Harris, P. L. (2000). The work of the imagination. Oxford: Blackwell.

* Harter, S., & Chao, C. (1992). The role of competence in children’s creation of imaginary friends. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 38, 350-363.

* Hoff, E. V. (2005a). A friend living inside me – The forms and functions of imaginary companions. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 24, 151-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4M9J-76M2-4Q4Q-8KYT

* Hoff, E. V. (2005b). Imaginary companions, creativity, and self-image in middle childhood. Creativity Research Journal, 17

(2-3), 167-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2005.9651477

Leslie, A. S. (1987). Pretense and representation: The origins of “theory of mind”. Psychological Review, 94(4), 412-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412

Lillard, A. S. (2007). Pretend play in toddlers. In C. A. Brownell & C. B. Kopp (Eds.), Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions & transformations (pp. 149-174). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Lisboa, C. (2012). Quem tem um amigo nunca está sozinho? Ou antes só do que mal acompanhado? Relações de amizade: Fatores de risco e proteção. In L. K. Souza & C. S. Hutz (Eds.), Amizade em contexto: Desenvolvimento e cultura

(pp. 81-100). São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.

Macedo, L. (2003). Faz-de-conta na escola: A importância do brincar. Pátio Educação Infantil, 3, 10-13.

* Manosevitz, M., Prentice, N., & Wilson, F. (1973). Individual and family correlates of imaginary companions in preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 8, 72-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000415

Oliveira, Z. M. R., Mello, A. M., Vitória, T., & Rossetti-Ferreira, M. C. (1993). Creche: Crianças, faz-de-conta & cia. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes.

Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1968). A função semiótica ou simbólica. In A Psicologia da Criança. São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro. (Original publicado em 1945)

Piotto, D. & Rubiano, M. R. B. (1999). Amizade entre crianças pequenas: Análise da interação de pares preferenciais na creche. Psico, 30, 109-129.

Preissler, M. A. (2006). Play and autism: Facilitating symbolic understanding. In D. G. Singer, R. M. Golinkoff & K. Hirsh-Pasek (Eds.), Play = learning: How play motivates and enhances children’s cognitive and socio-emotional growth (pp. 231-250). New York: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304381.003.0012

* Roby, A. C. & Kidd, E. (2008). The referential communication skills of children with imaginary companions. Developmental Science, 11(4), 531-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00699.x

* Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1997). Imaginary companions in adolescence: Sign of a deficient or positive development? Journal of Adolescence, 20, 137-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000415

Silva, G. R. & Garcia, A. (2008). Os primórdios da amizade na infância: A perspectiva materna. Paidéia, 18(41), 591-604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-863X2008000300014

Smith, E. D. & Lillard, A. S. (2012). Play on: Retrospective reports of the persistence of pretend play into middle childhood. Journal of Cognition and Development, 13(4), 524-549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2011.608199

Sperb, T. M. & Carraro, L. (2008). A relação entre o faz-de-conta e a teoria da mente: Controvérsias teóricas e empíricas. In T. M. Sperb & M. R. Maluf (Eds.), Desenvolvimento sociocognitivo: Estudos brasileiros sobre “teoria da mente”. (pp. 163-190). São Paulo, SP: Vetor.

* Svendsen, M. (1934). Children’s imaginary companions. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 32, 985-999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1934.02250110073006.

Tavares, L. C., & Pinheiro, M. L. (1989). O amigo imaginário. Psico, 17(1), 150-163.

* Taylor, M. (1999). Imaginary companions and the children who create them. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

* Taylor, M. & Carlson, S. M. (1997). The relation between individual

differences in fantasy and theory of mind. Child Development, 68(3), 436-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131670

* Taylor, M. & Carlson, S. M. (2002). Imaginary companions and elaborate fantasy in childhood. In R. W. Mitchell (Ed.), Pretending and imagination in animals and children (pp. 167-180). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542282.014

* Taylor, M., Carlson, S. M., Maring, B., Gerow, L., & Charley, C. M. (2004). The characteristics and correlates of fantasy in school-age children: Imaginary companions, impersonation, and social understanding. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1173-1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1173

* Taylor, M., Cartwright, B. S., & Carlson, S. M. (1993). A developmental investigation of children’s imaginary companions. Developmental Psychology, 29, 276-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.2.276

* Taylor, M. & Mannering, A. M. (2006). Of Hobbes and Harvey: The imaginary companions of children and adults. In A. Goncu & S. Gaskins (Eds.), Play and development: Evolutionary, sociocultural and functional perspectives

(pp. 227-245). Mawah, NJ: Erlbaum Press.

* Taylor, M. & Mottwiler, C. M. (2008). Imaginary companions: Pretending they are real but knowing they are not. American Journal of Play, 1, 47-54.

* Taylor, M., Shawber, A. B., & Mannering, A. M. (2009). Children’s imaginary companions: What is it like to have an invisible friend? In K. D. Markman, W. M. P. Klein & J. A. Suhr (Eds.), Handbook of imagination and mental simulation (pp. 211-224). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

* Trionfi, G. & Reese, E. (2009). A good story: Children with imaginary companions create richer narratives. Child Development, 80(4), 1301-1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01333.x

Velludo, N. B. (2010). Brincando de faz de conta: Uma forma de aprender sobre a mente? (Monografia não publicada). Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP.

Velludo, N. B. (2014). A criação de amigos imaginários: Um estudo com crianças brasileiras. (Dissertação de mestrado). Acesso via Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da Universidade Federal de São Carlos.

Published

2015-03-17

How to Cite

Velludo, N. B., & Souza, D. de H. (2015). The Creation of Imaginary Companions: A Literature Review. Psico, 46(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2015.1.16406

Issue

Section

Articles