Construction of the academic procrastination scale – reasons

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2017.2.24635

Keywords:

motivation, delay, undergraduate student

Abstract

The academic procrastination is a way of postponing the fulfillment of academic tasks that can be prejudicial to undergraduates. This study aims to elaborate and investigate evidences of validity and reliability of the Academic Procrastination Scale – Reasons, which evaluates the perception of undergraduates about the frequency of their procrastination on academic tasks and the reasons associated with it. The analytical sequence included semantic analysis of the initial item pool, and further external relationships to most procrastinated tasks, conscientiousness, depression, impulsivity, and gender. The sample consisted of 604 undergraduate and data collection was online. Ordinal exploratory factor analysis uncovered a two-dimension latent structure: procrastination-anxiety and procrastination-demotivation. Despite containing few items, the resulting scales yielded acceptable internal consistency, and evidenced a similar pattern of correlations to depression (+) and conscientiousness (-). Suggestions for future studies are provided.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Gabriela Ballardin Geara, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Gabriela Ballardin Geara, psicóloga (UFRGS), mestra em Psicologia (UFRGS) e doutoranda no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. 

Nelson Hauck Filho, Universidade São Francisco

É Professor no Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Psicologia da Universidade São Francisco - Itatiba (CAPES 6). Cursou a graduação em Psicologia pela Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) e o mestrado e o doutorado em Psicologia pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).

Marco Antonio Pereira Teixeira, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Possui graduação (1995), mestrado (1988) e doutorado (2002) em Psicologia pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Atualmente é professor associado no Instituto de Psicologia da UFRGS, onde leciona na graduação e na pós-graduação, além de desenvolver pesquisas e extensão. 

References

Asún, R. A., Rdz-Navarro, K., & Alvarado, J. M. (2015). Developing multidimensional Likert Scales using item factor analysis: The case of four-point items. Sociological Methods & Research, 45(1). https://doi. org/10.1177/0049124114566716

Burka, J. B., & Yuen, L. M. (1983). Procrastination: Why you do it, what to do about it. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Carver, C. S. & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS-BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319

Cerino, E. S. (2014). Relationships between academic motivation, self-efficacy, and academic procrastination. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 19(4), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.24839/2164-204.JN19.4.156

Conceição, J. P. O. (2011). Personalidade e procrastinação em estudantes universitários. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa: Portugal.

Costa, M. (2007). Procrastinação, auto-regulação e gênero. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade do Minho, Guimarães: Portugal.

Chu, A. H. C. & Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: positive effects of "active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 245-264. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.3.245-264

Effert, B. R. & Ferrari, J. R. (1989). Decisional procrastination: Examining personality correlates. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4, 151-161.

Grunschel, C., Patrzek, J., & Fries, S. (2013a). Exploring reasons and consequences of academic procrastination: An interview study. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(3), 841-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0143-4

Grunschel, C., Patrzek, J., & Fries, S. (2013b). Exploring different types of academic delayers: A latent profile analysis. Learning and Individual Differences, 23, 225-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.09.014

Enumo, S. & Kerbauy, R. (1999). Procrastinação: Descrição de comportamentos de estudantes e transeuntes de uma capital brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva, 2, 125-135.

Hamasaki, E. I. M. & Kerbauy, R. R. (2001). Será o comportamento de procrastinar um problema de saúde? Revista Brasileira de Terapia Congitiva Comportamental, 3, 35-40.

Hauck-Filho, N. & Teixeira, M. A. P. (2011). A estrutura fatorial da Escala CES-D em estudantes universitários brasileiros. Avaliação Psicológica, 10, 91-97.

Hauck-Filho, N., Machado, W. L., Teixeira, M. A. P., & Bandeira, D. (2012). Marcadores reduzidos para a avaliação da personalidade em adolescentes. Psico-USF, 17(2), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-82712012000200009

Hollender, M. H. (1965). Perfectionism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6, 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(65)80016-5

Kerbauy, R. (2001). Análise funcional da preguiça e procrastinação. In R. C. Wielenska (Org.). Sobre cognição e comportamento: questionando e ampliando a teoria e as intervenções clínicas e em outros contentos (pp. 63-69). Santo André, SP: ESETec Editores Associados.

Klingsieck, K. B. (2013). Procrastination: When good things don’t come to those who wait. European Psychologist, 18(1), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000138

Lay, C. H. (1986). At last my research article on procrastination. Joumal of Research in Personality, 20, 474-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90127-3

Lorenzo-Seva, U. & Ferrando, P. J. (2013). FACTOR 9.2: A comprehensive program for fitting exploratory and semiconfirmatory factor analysis and IRT models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 37(6), 497-498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621613487794

McCown, W., Johnson, J., & Petzel, T. (1989). Procrastination, a principal components analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 197-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(89)90204-3

Merce, C., Concepcion, G., M. del Mar, B., & Ramon, C. (2012). Procrastination and Cheating from Secondary School to University. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 10(2), 737-754.

O’Brien, W. K. (2002). Applying the transtheoretical model to academic procrastination. Tese de doutorado, University of Houston, Houston.

Ozer, B. U., Demir, A., & Ferrari, J.R. (2009). Exploring academic procrastination among Turkish students: Possible gender differences in prevalence and reasons. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149, 241-257. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.149.2.241-257

Pychyl, T. A., Lee, J. M., Thibodeau, R., & Blunt, A. (2000). Five days of emotion: An experience sampling study of undergraduate student procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 239-254.

Revelle, W. (2014). Psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research. R package version 1.4.3. CRAN Project. Retirado de: <http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/psych/psych.pdf>. Acessado em: 11 dez. 2015.

Sampaio, R. K. N. (2011). Procrastinação acadêmica e a autorregulação da aprendizagem em estudantes universitários. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP.

Sampaio, R. K. N.; & Bariani, I. C. D. (2011). Procrastinação Acadêmica: Um estudo exploratório. Estudos Interdisciplinares em Psicologia, 2(2), 242-262. https://doi.org/10.5433/2236-6407.2011v2n2p242

Schouwenburg, H. (1995). Academic Procrastination: Theoretical notions, measurement and research. In J. Ferrari, J. Johnson, & W. McCown, Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research and practice (pp. 71- 950). New York: Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6_4

Sharma, M. & Kaur, G. (2011). Gender differences in procrastination and academic stress among adolescents. Indian Journal of Social Science Researches, 8(2), 122-127.

Silveira, D. X. & Jorge, M. R. (2000). Escala de Rastreamento Populacional para Depressão CES-D em populações clínicas e não clínicas de adolescentes e adultos jovens. In C. Gorestain, L. H. S. G. Andrade, & A. W. Zuarde (Orgs.). Escalas de avaliação clínica em psiquiatria e farmacologia (pp. 125-135). São Paulo: Lemos.

Solomon, L. & Rothblum, E. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioural correlates. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 31(4), 503-509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503

Schouwenburg, H. (2004). Trait procrastination in academic settings: An overview of students who engage in task delays. In H. Schouwenburg, C. Lay, T. Pylchyl, & J. Ferrari (Eds.). Counselling the procrastinator in academic settings (pp. 3-18). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 65-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

Steel, P. (2010). Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist? Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 926-934.

Timmerman, M. E. & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023353

Watson, D. C. (2001). Procrastination and the five-factor model: a facet level analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00019-2

Zimmerman, B. J. & Schunk, D. H. (Eds.). (2001). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theoretical perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Published

2017-06-22

How to Cite

Geara, G. B., Hauck Filho, N., & Pereira Teixeira, M. A. (2017). Construction of the academic procrastination scale – reasons. Psico, 48(2), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2017.2.24635

Issue

Section

Articles