Empatía fenomenológica
Escenarios y possibilidades
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-6746.2022.1.41354Palabras clave:
Empatia, Fenomenologia, FilosofiaResumen
Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un estudio sobre la empatía desde una perspectiva fenomenológica. Por tanto, se hará una distinción entre los diversos significados y usos de la palabra empatía en la contemporaneidad. Posteriormente, se analizarán las distintas teorías y modelos explicativos de la empatía a partir de la pregunta de “cómo” la conciencia humana accede al mundo externo. Entre los modelos explicativos explorados, podemos destacar el modelo Teoría - Teoría (TT), el Teoría de la Simulación (ST), el Teoría Integrada (TI), el hipótesis de empatía graduada (GEH), el modelo Teoría reintegrada (RT). Una vez hecho esto, se profundizará en la propuesta fenomenológica del tema de la empatía. Finalmente, se buscará, a la luz de la perspectiva fenomenológica, avanzar en la reflexión sobre la empatía a partir de tres ideas: la de la resonancia, de afectación e interimplicación, buscando desarrollar los primeros pasos hacia una interintencionalidad inmanente. Como límites y posibilidades, se puede señalar que es necesario explorar más los procesos de modalización de la empatía en el proceso de constitución del yo, especialmente en la vida pre-yo.
Descargas
Citas
BARRETT, L. F. How emotions are made: the secret life of the brain. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017. 449 p.
BATSON, C. D. These things called Empathy: Eight related but Distinct Phenomena. In: DECETY, J.; ICKES, W. (ed.) The Social Neuroscience of Empathy. Massachusetts, NE: A Bradford Book, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0002
BATSON, C. D. Empathy and altruism. In: BROWN, K. W.; LEARY, M. R. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Hypo-Egoic Phenomena. Oxford: Oxford Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.001.0001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.11
BENDAS, J. et al. Dynamics of affective habituation to touch differ on the group and individual level. Neuroscience, Netherlands, v. 464, p. 44-52, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.024
BLANCHET, R. Empathy as the Opposite of Egocentrism: Why the Simulation Theory and the Direct Perception Theory of Empathy Fail. Topoi, Rio de Janeiro, v. 39, n. 4, p. 751-759, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-018-09630-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-018-09630-5
BROWN, C. L. et al. Emotional empathy in the social regulation of distress: A dyadic approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, [S. I.], v. 47, n. 6, p. 1004-1019, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167220953987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220953987
CEUNEN, E.; VAN DIEST, I.; VLAEYEN, J. Accuracy and awareness of perception: related, yet distinct (commentary on Herbert et al., 2012). Biological Psychology, Netherlands, v. 92, n. 2, p. 423-427, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.012
DARWALL, S. Empathy, Sympathy, Care. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, [S. I.], v. 89, n. 2-3, p. 261-282, 1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004289113917
DAVIS, M. H. Empathy: a social psychological approach. New York: Routledge, 2018. 272 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429493898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429493898
DECETY, J.; JACKSON, P. L. The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, [S. I.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 71-100, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1534582304267187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187
DECETY, J.; ICKES, W. (ed.). The Social Neuroscience of Empathy. Massachusetts: A Bradford Book, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.001.0001
DIMBERG, U.; THUNBERG, M.; ELMEHED, K. Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychological Science, [S. I.], v. 11, n. 1, p. 86-89, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9280.00221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00221
DVASH, J.; SHAMAY-TSOORY, S. G. Theory of mind and empathy as multidimensional constructs: Neurological foundations. Topics in Language Disorders, Philadelphia, v. 34, n. 4, p. 282-295, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0000000000000040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/TLD.0000000000000040
ESLINGER, P. J. Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy. European Neurology, Basel, v. 39, n. 4, p. 193-199, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000007933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000007933
FERRARI, P. F. The neuroscience of social relations. A comparative-based approach to empathy and to the capacity of evaluating others’ action value. Behaviour, Leiden, v. 151, n. 2-3, p. 297-313, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003152
FUCHS, T. Depression, Intercorporeality and Interaffectivity. Journal of Consciousness Studies, Cincinnati, v. 20, n. 7-8, 2013.
FUCHS, T.; KOCH, S. C. Embodied affectivity: on moving and being moved. Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne, v. 5, p. 1-12, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00508. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00508
GALLAGHER, S. Empathy, simulation, and narrative. Science in Context, Tel Aviv, v. 25, n. 3, p. 355-381, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0269889712000117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889712000117
GARFINKEL, S. N. et al. Knowing your own heart: Distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness. Biological Psychology, Netherlands, v. 104, p. 65-74, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004
GEORGIOU, E. et al. Interaction of physical activity and interoception in children. Front Psychol, [S. I.], v. 6, p. 1-8, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00502
GROARK, K. P. Comment on Throop and Zahavi, Dark and Bright Empathy: Phenomenological and Anthropological Reflections. Current Anthropology, Chicago, v. 61, n. 3, p. 294-295.
GUO, C. C. The neuroscience of empathy. In: MAIBON, H. (ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Empathy. London: Routledge, 2019.
HATFIELD, E. et al. New Perspectives on Emotional Contagion: A Review of Classic and Recent Research on Facial Mimicry and Contagion. Interpersona, [S. I.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 159-179, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.2195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v8i2.162
HENRY, M. Philosophie et phénoménologie du corps. Paris: PUF, 1965.
HENRY, M. Phénomenologie Materielle. Paris: PUF, 1990.
HENRY, M. Incarnation: Une philosophie de la chair. Paris: Seuil, 1998.
HENRY, M. Auto-donation. Paris: Beauchesne, 2004.
HUSSERL, E. Logische Untersuchungen. Erster Teil. Prolegomena zur reinen Logik. Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1975.
HUSSERL, E. Meditações Cartesianas: Introdução à Fenomenologia. São Paulo: Madras, 2001.
HUSSERL, E. Sur Líntersubjectivité, I. Paris: PUF, 2001.
HUSSERL, E. Zur phänomenologischen Reduktion. Texte aus dem Nachlass (1926-1935), (Husserliana XXXIV). Dordrecht: Springer Verlag, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0574-6
HUSSERL, E. Idées directrices pour une phénoménologie et une philosophie phenomenologique pures. Livre Second. Paris: PUF, 2004.
HUSSERL, E. Phantasy, Image Consciousness, and Memory. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005.
HUSSERL, E. Expérience et Jugement. Paris: PUF, 2006a.
HUSSERL, E. Späte Texte über Zeitkonstitution (1929- 1934). Die C-Manuskripte (Husserliana Materialien VIII). Dordrecht: Springer Verlag, 2006b.
HUSSERL, E. Idée directrices pour une phénoménologie. Paris: Gallimard, 2008.
HUSSERL, E. Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität. Erster Teil. Nague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2474-7
ICKES, W. Empathic Accuracy. Journal of Personality, Massachusetts, v. 61, p. 587-610, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00783.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00783.x
IRARRÁZAVAL, L. Empathy for the foreign experience: A convergent phenomenological definition. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, [S. I.], v. 40, n. 3, p. 174-186, 2020. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/teo0000128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/teo0000128
ISRAELASHVILI, J.; SAUTER, D.; FISCHER, A. Two facets of affective empathy: concern and distress have opposite relationships to emotion recognition. Cognition and Emotion, v. 34, n. 6, p. 1112-1122, 2020. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2020.1724893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2020.1724893
JIANG, Y.; WANG, J. A study of cultural empathy in foreign language teaching from the perspective of cross-cultural communication. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, [S. I.], v. 8, n. 12, p. 1664-1670, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0812.12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0812.12
JOSPE, K.; FLÖEL, A.; LAVIDOR, M. The interactive effect of empathy and motor cortex stimulation on hand gesture comprehension. Neuropsychologia, Netherlands, v. 141, p. 1-8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107412
LANZONI, S. Empathy: A history. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2017
LANZONI, S. Empathy’s translation: Three paths from Einfühlung into Anglo-American Psychology. In: LUX, V.; WEIGEL, S. Empathy: Epistemic problems and Cultural- Historical perspectives of a Cross-disciplinary Concept. Brunaby: British Columbia, Canada, 2017. ISBN 978-1-137-51298-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51299-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51299-4
LEVENSON, R. W.; RUEF, A. M. Empathy: A physiological substrate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, [S. I.], v. 63, n. 2, p. 234-246, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.234
LEVY, J.; BADER, O. Graded Empathy: A Neuro-Phenomenological Hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, [S. I.], v. 11, 2020. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2020.554848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.554848
LIPPS, T. Komik und Humor: Eine psychologisch-ästhetische Untersuchung. Hamburg, Germany: L Voss, 1898.
LUMMA, A.; HACKERT, B.; WEGER, U. Insights from the inside of empathy: Investigating the experiential dimension of empathy through introspection. Philosophical Psychology, [S. I.], v. 33, n. 1, p. 64-85, 2020. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2019.1683727. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2019.1683727
MAIN, A.; KHO, C. A relational framework for integrating the study of empathy in children and adults. Emotion Review, [S. I.], v. 12, n. 4, p. 280-290, 2020. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1754073919868755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919868755
MATTHEWS, G. A.; TYE, K. M. Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, v. 1457, n. 1, p. 5, 2019. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fnyas.14016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14016
MEHLING, W. E. et al. The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA). PloS one, San Francisco, v. 7, n. 11, p. 1-22, 2012. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048230
MELTZOFF, A. N.; MOORE, M. K. Explaining facial imitation: A theoretical model. Infant and child development, [S. I.], v. 6, n. 3‐4, p. 179-192, 1997. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0917(199709/12)6:3/4%-3C179::AID-EDP157%3E3.0.CO;2-R. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0917(199709/12)6:3/4<179::AID-EDP157>3.0.CO;2-R
MERLEAU-PONTY, M. The Visible and the Invisible: Followed by Working Notes. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1968.
MERLEAU-PONTY, M. Le visible et L’invisible. Paris: Gallimard, 1977.
NUMMENMAA, L. et al. Maps of subjective feeling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [S. I.], v. 115, n. 37, p. 9198-9203, 2018. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807390115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807390115
PAUL, L. A. First personal modes of presentation and the structure of empathy. Inquiry, [S. I.], v. 60, n. 3, p. 189-207, 2017. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2017.1261991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2017.1261991
RATCLIFFE, M. The phenomenology of depression and the nature of empathy. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, [S. I.], v. 17, n. 2, p. 269-280, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11019-013-9499-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-013-9499-8
RIZZOLATTI G.; CRAIGHERO L. Mirror neuron: a neurological approach to empathy. In: CHANGEUX, JP. et al. (ed.). Neurobiology of Human Values. Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29803-7_9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29803-7_9
ROCKWELL, T. Dynamic empathy: A new formulation for the simulation theory of mind reading. Cognitive Systems Research, [S. I.], v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 52-63, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.07.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.07.004
ROSA, H. Resonance: A sociology of our relationship to the world. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2019. 450 p.
RYAN JR, K. J.; GALLAGHER, S. Between ecological psychology and enactivism: is there resonance? Frontiers in Psychology, [S. I.], v. 11, p. 1147, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01147
SANTOS, R. O quiasma do mundo: a questão da alteridade em Merleau-Ponty. Curitiba: CRV, 2017. 162 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.24824/978854441926.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24824/978854441926.7
SCHANDRY, R.; BESTLER, M. The association between parameters of cardiovascular function and heartbeat perception. In: VAITL, D.; SCHANDRY, R. (ed.). From the heart to the brain: The psychophysiology of circulation-brain interaction. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1995. p. 223–250.
SCHELER, M. The Nature of Sympathy. Routledge: New York, 2008.
SCHUTZ, A. Phenomenology of the Social World. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1967.
SHIELDS, S. A.; MALLORY, M. E.; SIMON, A. The body awareness questionnaire: reliability and validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, [S. I.], v. 53, n. 4, p. 802-815, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5304_16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5304_16
SINGER, T.; KLIMECKI, O. Empathy and compassion. Current Biology, [S. I.], v. 24, n. 18, p. 875-878, 2014. ISSN 0960-9822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.054
SPAULDING, S. Cognitive Empathy. In: MAIBON, H. (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Empathy. London: Routledge, 2019.
STEIN, E. On the Problem of Empathy. Washington: ICS Publications, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1051-5
STEIN, E. Il problema dell’Empatia. Edizioni Studium. Roma, 2003.
STERLEY, TL.; BAINS, J. S. Social communication of affective states. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, [S. I.], v. 68, p. 44-51, 2021.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2020.12.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2020.12.007
STUEBER, K. Empathy. In: LAFOLLETTE, H. (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee736
SUVILEHTO, J. T.; RENVALL, V.; NUMMENMAA, L. Relationship-specific encoding of social touch in somatosensory and insular cortices. Neuroscience, [S. I.], v. 464, p. 105-116, 2021. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.015
SVENAEUS, F. Depression and the Self Bodily Resonance and Attuned Being-in-the-World. Journal of Consciousness Studies, [S. I.], v. 20, n. 7-8, p. 15-32, 2013.
SZANTO, T.; MORAN, D. Phenomenological discoveries concerning the ‘We’: Mapping the terrain. In: SZANTO, T.; MORAN, D. (ed.). The phenomenology of Sociality. London: Routledge, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315688268-1
TARRICONE, P. The taxonomy of metacognition. Psychology Press, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203830529
THOMPSON, E. Empathy and consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, [S. I.], v. 8, n. 5, p. 1-32, 2001.
VAN RHYN, B.; BARWICK, A.; DONELLY, M. Embodiment as an instrument for empathy in social work. Australian Social Work, v. 74, n. 2, p. 146-158, 2021. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2020.1839112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2020.1839112
WHARNE, S., Empathy in phenomenological research: Employing Edith Stein’s account of empathy as a practical and ethical guide. Methods in Psychology, [S. I.], v. 5, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2021.100053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2021.100053
WISPÉ, L. History of the concept of empathy. In: EISENBERG, N.; STRAYER, J. (ed.). Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. Empathy and its development. Cambridge University Press, 1987. p. 17-37.
ZAHAVI, D. Empathy, Embodiment and Interpersonal Understanding: From Lipps to Schutz. Inquiry, [S. I.], v. 53, n. 3, p. 285-306, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00201741003784663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00201741003784663
ZAHAVI, D. Empathy and direct social perception: A phenomenological proposal. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, [S. I.], v. 2, n. 3, p. 541-558, 2011. http://dx.doi.org//10.1007/s13164-011-0070-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-011-0070-3
ZAHN-WAXLER, C.; ROBINSON, J. L.; EMDE, R. N. The development of empathy in twins. Developmental Psychology, [S. I.], v. 28, n. 6, p. 1038-1047, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1038
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Veritas (Porto Alegre)

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.