A qualitative analysis of life script events in a Brazilian sample
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2018.4.30122Keywords:
Life experiences, Autobiographical memory, Life-scripts.Abstract
Life scripts are shared cultural expectations about a selected group of events that occur during the life of a common individual in a certain culture. Life scripts are, therefore, normative expectations within a given culture regarding individual life patterns. We conducted a thematic analysis on 2,688 life script events indicated by 384 adults, mostly from the south and southeast regions of Brazil (70.3 women %). Following previous studies, we identified 74 events, or groups of events, common to other cultures; 30 events not mentioned by our participants; and 40 events specifically yielded by our analysis. Results show that first-time events play a special role on life scripts of Brazilians, as well as contents such as attending political events and post-graduate education. Methodological considerations on the qualitative analyses required to identify life events are discussed. Future studies may investigate prevalence, importance, valence, and gender and age differences with Brazilian participants.
Downloads
References
Arnett, J. J., Žukauskienė, R., & Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: implications for mental health. Lancet Psychiatry, 1(7), 569-576.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7
Belsky, J. (2010). Desenvolvimento humano: Experienciando o ciclo da vida (D. Bueno, Trans.) [Experiencing the lifespan]. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Berntsen, D. & Rubin, D. C. (2002). Emotionally charged memories across the life span: The recall of happy, sad, traumatic, and involuntary memories. Psychology of Aging, 17, 636-652.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.636
Berntsen, D. & Rubin, D. C. (2004). Cultural life scripts structure recall from autobiographical memory. Memory and Cognition, 32(3), 427-442.
https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195836
Berntsen, D., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. (2011). Two versions of life: Emotionally negative and positive life events have different roles in the organization of life story and identity. Emotion, 11(5), 1190-1201.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024940
Bohn, A. (2010). Generational differences in cultural life scripts and life story memories of younger and older adults. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 1324-1345.
https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1641
Bohn, A., Koppel, J., & Harris, C. B. (2017). Life happens when you are young: Reminiscence bump in cultural life scripts regardless of number of events elicited. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6, 337-342.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.004
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Coleman, J. (2014). Examining the life script of African-Americans: A test of the cultural life script. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28, 419-426.
https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3000
Conway, M. A. (1990). Autobiographical memory: An introduction. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
Erdoğan, A., Baran, B., Avlar, B., Taş, A., & Tekcan, A. (2008). On the persistence of positive events in life scripts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 95-111.
https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1363
Erikson, E. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
Janssen, S. (2015). Is there a cultural life script for public events? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29, 61-68.
https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3022
Janssen, S. & Haque, S. (2017). The transmission and stability of cultural life script: a cross cultural study. Memory, 26(1), 131-143.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1335327
Janssen, S. & Rubin, D. C. (2011). Age effects in cultural life scripts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 291-298.
https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1690
Koppel, J. & Rubin, D. C. (2016). Recent advances in understanding the reminiscence bump: The importance of cues in guiding recall from autobiographical memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(2), 135-140.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416631955
McCarthy, S., Souza, L. K., & Jaafar, J. (2010). Rites of passage: A comparison of US, Malaysian and Brazilian adolescents. US-China Education Review, 7(11), 88-98.
https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-623X/2010.11A.010
NVivo Qualitative Data Analysis Software (Version 10) [Computer software] (2012). Doncaster, Victoria: QSR International Pty Ltd.
Prebble, S. C., Addis, D. R., & Tippett, L. J. (2013). Autobiographical memory and sense of self. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 815-840.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030146
Rubin. D. C. & Bertnsen, D. (2003). Life scripts help to maintain autobiographical memories of highly positive, but not highly negative, events. Memory & Cognition, 31(1), 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196077
Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., & Hutson, M. (2009). The normative and the personal life: Individual differences in life scripts and life story events among USA and Danish undergrads. Memory, 17(1), 54-68.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210802541442
Scherman, A. Z., Salgado, S., Shao, Z., & Berntsen, D. (2017). Life script events and autobiographical memories of important life story events in Mexico, Greenland, China, and Denmark. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6, 60-73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.11.007
Tekcan, A., Kaya-Kızılöz, B., & Odaman, H. (2012). Life scripts across age groups: A comparison of adolescents, young adults, and older adults. Memory, 20(8), 836-847.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.710431
Viera, A. & Garrett, J. (2005). Understanding inter-observer agreement: The kappa statistic. Family Medicine, 37(5), 360-363.
Waters, T. E. A. (2014). Relations between the functions of autobiographical memories and psychological wellbeing. Memory, 22(3), 265-275.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.778293
Woyciekoski, C. (2012). A relação entre personalidade e eventos de vida e suas contribuições para o bem-estar subjetivo [The relationship between personality and life events and its contributions to subjective well-being]. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright
The submission of originals to Psico implies the transfer by the authors of the right for publication. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication. If the authors wish to include the same data into another publication, they must cite Psico as the site of original publication.
Creative Commons License
Except where otherwise specified, material published in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is correctly cited.